Beginning in the late 13th century, the papal bull, led by Pope Gregory IX, established a new branch of the church in France intended to eliminate heretical Christian groups. The Inquisition, once formed, eventually evolved into the most zealous persecutors of persons accused of witchcraft, and its barbarous methods were preserved for posterity in the Malleus Malieficarum (The Witch Hammer), a notorious tome that served as the guidebook for Inquisitors designed to aid in the identification, prosecution and dispatching (read: execution) of witches. It’s estimated some 50,000 people, mostly women, were put to death between 1580 and 1630 in Europe alone. In North America, the hysteria continued well into the early colonial period, most infamously at the Salem, Massachusetts trials, and even into the new millennium, 3,000 accused individuals were killed by lynch mobs in the African nation of Tanzania from 2005 until 2011 for allegedly being witches.